Purification of Drinking Water, Drinking Water Treatment Processes, Essay

Purification of Drinking Water, Drinking Water Treatment Processes, Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries - Essay Example Availability of clean drinking water is a major global concern with the situation in developing countries becoming worse due to the rapid population growth in these nations. Scarcity of water has serious socio-economic implications in developing countries with women and girls from poor families spending a majority of their time searching for water at the expense of economically rewarding activities and education (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010). Poor quality drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene contribute to 4 billion cases of diarrhoea disease annually with more than 1.5 million people losing their lives, the majority being children under the age of five years (United Nations, 2005). These people are usually exposed to contaminated drinking water mainly from untreated waste water that contains human and animal faeces and urine exposing them to pathogenic micro organisms. Water Sources Drinking water comes from both surface and ground water with the na tural water cycle maintaining the available water for mankind (Omran, 2011). Majority of people from developing countries get their water from springs, boreholes, sealed wells, hand-dug wells, streams, rivers, and lakes (Omran, 2011). Some of these sources are contaminated with water borne diseases responsible for over 50% hospitalization in these countries (Alward et al., 1994). Despite some of the sources like ground water being clean and safe for drinking, improper use, ignorance and lack of adequate sanitation facilities like toilets make their drinking water contaminated during collection, transport, storage and drawing of water (Lindskog and Lindskog, 1988). This contributes significantly to developing countries disease burdens. Purification of Drinking Water Majority of people living in developing countries uses simple and rudimentary water treatment techniques to serve individual households and community needs despite the availability of superior conventional technologies. C onventional treatment technologies are too expensive and inappropriate for people living in very poor neighbourhoods due to limitation in infrastructure and skilled personnel. The simple and rudimentary water purification system is primarily aimed to remove the visible impurities such as floating particles, leaves, and twigs. The commonly used water purification systems include; Simple Filtration This is accomplished by using locally available filters, sieves, or pieces of cloth. The filters can be made of sandstones and plant materials and are purposefully made to clarify or remove visible contaminants of water. Boiling Boiling is the most commonly used and promoted household water treatment method around the world (Beddow, 2010). The water being boiled must reach a boiling temperature of 1000c. This process is effective in killing most pathogens that cause water borne diseases. The disadvantages of boiling include the lack of residual antimicrobial properties in the water making t he water easily re-contaminated if handled improperly. Boiling is widely accepted across all regions and when done properly offers many people access to safe drinking water free from diarrhoea causing organisms. Waste Water Treatment Waste water treatment in developing cou

Motion and grauity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motion and grauity - Research Paper Example ys, â€Å"An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted upon by an outside force† (Croce, pp. 38). From this explanation, it is an understanding that a body remains in motion unless some other force stops it down. From this definition, this other force can be either friction or gravity, and thus, understanding of motion itself is an efficient way of understanding the force of gravity. The second law says, â€Å"Acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object† (Quah, pp. 57). This law explains that mass and force are the two indicators that decide the rate with which the body slows or accelerates. Thirdly, Newton stated, â€Å"Every action has an equal and opposite reaction† (Quah, pp. 57). In this regard, these three laws of motion are the best ways of defining and understanding motion. Specifically, from these understandings, motion is any change that occurs in the location or place of a body with regard to time and space. In addition, it is an observation that in physics, scientists always define and explain motion with respect to different references, such as friction, gravity, time, velocity, etc. However, without gravity, there can be no definition of motion. In particular, gravity is the most fundamental concept of nature that allows objects and bodies with any mass to interact, and more specifically, attract each other (Garnow, pp. 23-25). In addition, gravity enables the objects and bodies with masses to acquire weight that results in their falling on the ground. In this regard, gravity or gravitation is the basic force that keeps existence of sun, earth, moon, etc in the universe in balanced manner, whereas, its absence would have caused irregularity in orbits of the universe. Therefore, gravity is the fundamental force that directs and manages motion of bodies and objects in the time and space (Garnow, pp.